Professor of the Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Faculty of Humanities

Tbilisi, Georgia

Ketevan Mania

Dr. Research Fellow of the Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology

Tbilisi, Georgia

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The national community, currently referred to as Georgian and the ethnic roots of which date back to the far past, has had a long history of its development. A number of particular stages can be identified within this history. The 19^th century has been distinguished among them. This was the epoch of the birth of the modern Georgian nation. The idea, that, in the establishment of the Georgian nation, the totally particular role of Ilia Chavchavadze, as a writer and a public figure, has been widely recognized in scholarly circles. However, this a priori correct standpoint has not always been reinforced with the argumentation meeting the needs of contemporary scholarship. The goal of the paper is to fill up this drawback, specifically, by means of demonstrating of the significant a certain aspect of Ilia’s activities, viz. the newspaper “Iveria”, for the sake of the consolidation of the Georgian nation, to make up a firm empirical foundation, and, on the other hand, by means of considering of the historical experience, to demonstrate a probable development of a nation in the contemporary globalized world.

The theoretical foundation of the goal in question has been provided by social constructionism, as one of the principal directions of sociological theorizing today, within which humans have been viewed as more or less conscious agents, involved in the creation of a shared social reality. Recent years saw particular concern to this direction. The tendency, according to which all principal human categories (gender, race, class, ethnic or national communities, generations) should be viewed as socially construed phenomena, has been becoming more and more salient.

The principal tenet of constructionism is that creatures permanently come out of the control of creators, and, thus, they are conceived as objectively existing categories. With respect to this, nations are no exceptions. They are considered to be volitional creatures of their members like other phenomena as results of human activities. The existence can come into being by even just giving them names. They can emerge as an essence as if somewhat distinct from what they have originated from. This leads to the recognition that nations are phenomena, existing independently of eternal and human volition.   With respect to nations, nationalism, national identity, constructionism has been widely applied by B.Anderson in his book Imagined Communities. Its subject-matter has been that nations are artifacts of cultural processes.

The concept ’Imagined communities,’ introduced by B. Anderson, turned into a milestone of the debates at the end of the 20th century. It became a principal metaphor in study of nationalism from the standpoint of social science. B. Anderson asserts that, for a nation, the involvement in the imagination process is necessary. By means of this, humans identify themselves with those, they have never seen in their real lives. This is possible only in modern times, after the emergence of new communications means. For instance, the emergence of printed media can associate people distanced in time and space.  B. Anderson describes how a population become readers of one and the same newspapers, novels, etc., and how thus a deep horizontal commonwealth has been created.. He considers nations primarily as linguistic communities.

B. Anderson’s opinion had very many followers; it unarguably greatly influenced the development of scholarship; however, it attracted a number of critics. We  also question some of aspects of constructionism and, with respect to the emergence of a nation or to the history of its development, support the ethno-symbolic paradigm. The essence of this approach, the most principal representative of which is a British scholar Anthony Smith, is as follows: it is true that nations are essentially modern phenomena, however they are not products of only modernity. Although nations are created in modern times, as a result of the selection and reinterpretation of existing ethnic symbols and memories, they have deep ethnic roots. Nation-making is in no way a voluntary process governed by political elites; it occurs in the confines of the regularities established by a certain culture. Nations, first of all, is a form of culture, specifically, this is a unity with a public culture.

Despite of the fact that we do not completely agree with Anderson’s conception, we think that the provision about the great role of printed media for the intensification of the process of the national consolidation has been rather reliable, and, therefore, we apply it to the Georgian reality, viz. to the newspaper “Iveria”, published and edited by Ilia Chavchavadze, to the media, by means of which, the process of the transformation of the Georgian community into a society was under way for almost three decades.

Our paper provides detailed analysis of ten issues (from January 5, 1878 until March 10, 1878) of the newspaper “Iveria”, and, basing on the collected data, reconstructs the profile of its readers, that is, of the Georgian national community. The consideration of the already well known sources within a distinct theoretical framework has yielded in the detection of many new historical facts, having been either obscured or not visible at all.

The present research is a part of the project, implemented with the support of the Grant received from the LEPL Foundation for Georgian Studies, Humanities and Social Sciences (Rustaveli Foundation).

Professor of the Javakhishvili Tbilisi State Univercity  , Faculty of Humanities

Director Javakhishvili Institute  of History and Ethnology

Tbilisi, Georgia

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The so called, ‘Trapezund Empire’ was founded in 1204, as a buffer zone among Georgia, Byzantine and newly appeared Seljuk states. The Georgian influence remained significant over the Trapezund till the very last days of its existence.

During the existence of Trapezund Empire some famous historical sources were created. Among them it can be mentioned Mikhail Panaretos’s ‘Trapezund Chronicle’.  It describes the events which took place in Trapezund, Near East and neighboring countries from 13^-th to 15^-th century.

The first point of Chronicle which deserves our interest, is dated to 1336 and is concerned with the unknown invader, ‘Sheikh Hasan, Son of Tamarta’’. According to our investigation, he can be identified as Sheik Hasan, son of Timurtash. Sheik Hasan was the grandson of famous Mongolian noion (military commander) Choban, and he really had the son Timurtash and grandson Shaikh Hasan surnamed as ,,Kuchuk’’ (the ,,Smoller’’).

The second point of  “Trapezund Chronicle” helps us to identify the Turkish amir’s (ruler’s) name – ,,Khosia Baidaris-dze’’ who is mentioned in Ksani eristavs (governors) Family Chronicle so called ,,Dzegli Eristavta’’. We conclude that this invader, who ravaged South Georgia in the middle  of 14^-th century, could be Khajimir son of Bairam frequantly mentioned in Trapezund Chronicle  between 1357-1382 years.

The third moment reflected to the  “Trapezund Chronicle” is the visit of Trapezund’s king to Batumi in 1372. This is unique information about Batumi and its relations with Tapezund Empire. In spite of some foreign historians we are sure that Batumi and Gurieli’s land never had been in vassalage of Trapezund Emperor.

Professor Boğaziçi University of Istanbul

Istanbul, Turkey

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During the 19th century the Black Sea port city of Trabzon underwent a remarkable transformation which reflected the changing economic/social/political  fortune of the Eastern Black Sea/Caucasus region. The rise and fall of Trabzon as the major hub of the East – West trade in this period, having reached a peak in the aftermath of the Crimean War, is a historical development sealing the fate of the old sea link between the Silk Road and Via Egnatia as a result of a combination of mostly, but not exclusively, political factors. This article aims to analyze these factors, and  attempts to draw parallels with the current developments in the region.

Professor St. Cyrillus and Methodius University of Skopje

Skopje, Republic of Macedonia

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The text deals with the essential issue of the perspective of a nation and ethical identities on the Via Egnatia Line. On this line are practically the fiercest culture and identity debates and confrontations today in Europe. The negative connotation of the term ‘Balkanization’ is also related to this zone.

The context is set in the post-conflict periods (i.e., post-Dayton and post-Kosovo), and even in the still open issues (less conflicting), issues on interpretation of historical myths and traditions of peoples in this part of Europe. This has been shown to be the very foundations of any project of ‘Europeanization’ of the region. Namely, the distinctiveness and significance of the term ‘European values’ is focused in this text on the ability of the European countries to process debates and agree on common points of departure, interpretations of controversial histories of every one of them that interweave in space and time. This seems to be very difficult task of the countries in transition, and even of traditional European democracies. (For example, France and Germany, just three years ago, managed to issue jointly-produced history text books.)

The main thesis in the text is that there is need for the cultural identities of nations and minorities to be stabilized in the debating process on common historical myths and events. While preserving own viewpoint about them and the function of these personalities/events for own identity and collective memory, nations and minorities nevertheless should keep an open door so that such personalities and events could have meaning for ‘the Others’ as well. This attitude towards ‘the Others’ is of fundamental importance in stabilization of democracies in the multicultural map of these societies on this line.

This described relation should go below the Karl Schmitt level of conflicity in the ‘friend-enemy’ binomial and should develop so an opportunity for overlapping amalgamative interpretations and identities.

Such process can be significantly facilitated if countries take the road of more comprehensive political and value-related integration processes, such as NATO and EU.

On the other hand, these countries must finish their own part of ‘the homework’; in other words, they should open a debate on building their own identity by coming face to face with the overlapping history.

The author attempts to make the topic concrete by means of the present and living disputes: the Macedonian-Greek ‘debate’ on ancient history; the Macedonian-Bulgarian-Serbian ‘debate’ on identities of the conditionally Slavic cultural discourse; the Macedonian-Albanian debate on creation of political superstructure of the Macedonian nation in the new Macedonian state; and, the traces of the Ottoman cultural line in the region through the various Balkan identities.

The author tries to point out certain exit strategies that, in the region, might represent the harder, and yet more sensible way forward, bringing thus perspectives.

Giorgi Bagaturia

Professor of International Black Sea University

Tbilisi, Georgia

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At the end of 20^th century the world political-economic panorama has been changed sharply, Soviet Union collapsed and former soviet republics became as an independent states. After that in many new democratic states has began the problems of state governance. The political, military or velvet revolution, civil war, coup d’etat, or dismissal of president (monarch or dictator) first of all means the collapse of the existed system of governing. At the other hand the war between former “brother” republics has showed weakness of diplomacy and lack of governing. It happened in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and in Georgia as well.

Revolutionary situation was matured in Georgia at the end of twentieth century, when actually were created the conditions that is defined by the classics of theory of political struggle “when the upper class isn’t able and lower class doesn’t want”. And society was so separated, the newly created classes were so far from one another that ‘high class’ couldn’t rule like earlier and the ‘low class’ couldn’t endure the existed system of state governance. If revolution didn’t happen until 2003 the reason for it was the huge patience of Georgian people. They (or its large part) have never opposed so unanimously their own government earlier.

It’s well known that even in the Soviet Union Georgia was meant to be in the oasis of democracy. In the country where it seemed that the basics of marketing economics were prepared, was impression in case if changing of communist regime, the country would be able to gain political independence, that pretty soon Georgia could be prosperous country like, e.g. – Switzerland  But events were directed in  different way: the country was involved into the civil war and we’re reaping the negative results even nowadays: thousands of refugees or illegal immigrants living abroad, the temporarily lost territories of Abkhazia and Southern Ossetia, collapsed economics, the poverty of the most of population, aggravation of  critical ethnic and political antagonism and etc. All those caused the revolutionary crisis of 2003.

Was it possible to avoid all these processes? Had Georgia (separated from the Soviet Union) and other new independent above mentioned countries chance to make peacefull passage on the new economic-political life, as the Baltic States (the former Soviet States) did that? We think – no!

We have to notice that above-mentioned political and economic events represent the only external signs of the revolutionary crisis i.e. just outward indices of “sickness” of the country. But we consider the deep internal reasons of collapsing the country are:

1) Ineffective method of state governance (this is the main reason);

2) Post-soviet inheritance;

3) Hostile outward forces.

The paper considers these reasons in detail and develops recommendations in order to improve the system of state governance of young democratic countries of post soviet space.

Professor of the International Black Sea University, Vice-Rector

Tbilisi, Georgia

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Location of Georgia at crossroads determined its historic development as well as characteristics of the Georgian nation. Much of its time  Georgia was divided into two main parts : the West and the East. In the first centuries the East as well as the West befell Romans. Short dependence took a turn for alliance, formulated as a “brotherhood and alliance”.

At other times the East was controlled by Persians, Arabs, Turk-Seljuks, Mongols. The West was frequently controlled and influenced by Rome, Byzantium, Ottomans.

Christianity spread to Georgia in the first century AD. Kartli declared Christianity as the state religion in 326 and about that time the same was done in Egrisi (Lazica). This decision for Georgia, situated at the crossroads between the West and the East, implied taking political orientation towards the West. The decision determined Georgia’s further fate and strongly tied the Georgian people and the Georgian culture to Western civilization (culture, law…), even if after that Eastern Georgia much of the time was controlled by Persians or for a shorter time by Arabs. Georgians were involved in the creation of the Christian creed. Bishop Stratophilus  of Bichvinta (Pitiunt) and the Bishop of Kartli Pantophilus attended the first Ecumenical Council held in Nicea (325) and the second  Ecumenical Council held in Constantinople (381). Splitting up into Catholic and Orthodox churches was not immediately recognized by Georgians and despite  the schism of Christendom in 1054 AD, the Georgian Church retained contacts with the Catholic Church. The early Georgian document where one can’t see the Pope alongside with the other patriarchs is dated back to 1545.

In 1318, Catholic bishopric was founded in Sukhumi. In 1328, bishopric, placed in Smirna before, was transferred to Tbilisi, and a decision was made about constructing the temple, church for bishop. From that time Georgia was visited by European Catholic missionaries and envoys who contributed greatly to the survival of Georgia throughout the Middle Ages. Contacts with the missionaries were attractive for the Georgian side as a means for establishing trade and cultural links between Georgia and Christian Europe. The missionaries strongly supported the idea of  the unification of the state, built churches, founded schools disseminated education, rendered medical aid, bridged Georgia to the rest of Europe, fulfilled diplomatic functions, exposed the slave trade, wrote the books, extolling Georgia, and   unlike some other foreigners, took the time to learn Georgian and the local culture, in every possible way contributed to its continued development.

Since the mid-7^th century Islam came to Georgia and confrontation between Christianity and Islam lasted for centuries. However religious confrontation rarely grew into ethnic and any type of conflict within Georgia thanks to longstanding traditions of intercultural dialogue. Despite frequent political tensions between the Christian and Moslem worlds there were many examples of political alliance with the Moslems, cultural and social interactions, adoptions and influences from the East. Georgia’s location at crossroads was revealed in different ways: coins with mixed symbols, the titles of the king with mixed characteristics. Georgian civilization is combination of the western and oriental cultures. One can trace state institutions, coinage system, urban traditions ,historiography and literary traditions in Georgia adopted from the East.

On the other hand Georgian law originated from Roman-Byzantine traditions was based on liberal, democratic and tolerant principles; it defended private property on land which unlike the East was a dominant system in Georgia throughout the centuries. Georgian  law protected women’s rights and emphasized their significance.

The Georgian territory was crossed by the shortest road connecting the Black and Caspian Seas which was as the most efficient trade connection since the ancient times. Later Georgians established contacts with the world trade via Iran and with the European market via the Ottoman lands. In 1991 Georgia once again restored political independence and its function as a bridge connecting East and West. Its top priority is Euro-Atlantic integration. However Georgia retains active relations with the East. The presentation will focus on the current situation in this regard.

Institute of Cybernetics,

Tbilisi, Georgia

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“Our welfare, security, health, ecology, and level of life as never ever depends on science” – these words were spoken out recently by the President of the United States, Barak Obama. Everyone realizes the significance of studying science, or saying more precisely, applied sciences, making it possible to discover new cause-and-effect relationships either in living organisms, economics, social systems or physical world. We see how fast are changing our understandings of various factors affecting living conditions on the Earth, or ecology, stimulating dramatic challenges for humanity. This situation made scientists to find new and new approaches on the one hand, to balance ecological system, and on the other hand, to improve welfare of human society. Today we are faced the strong requirements of a permanent development an education system in high schools as well as in universities, particularly in science and high technology, integrated in

information technologies.

Unfortunately, all over the world we observed that more or less good scientific education is realized in developed countries as the United States, European states, Canada, Japan. Though, this situation recently began to change. Among new challengers we see China and India that must be welcomed, because many educated specialists in western countries are moving back to their fatherlands. In other words, this is a natural self-balancing process versus early observed “brain drain” or migration flows of talented youngsters to developed states.

Now I would like to mention several serious problems concerning education of sciences in Georgian universities. First of all, traditionally in soviet period with very strongly organized and structured societal network a way to acquire a scientific education, and then, to defend two stages of a scientific degrees – equivalent of Western PhD, and next, Doctor of Sciences, as a rule, could provide a workplace and relatively “quiet life”. It was significant stimulus to make a choice for scientific carrier, however, such a situation over time create a decline of quality scientists and engineers. Today it we can see among a new generation of doctors. While in former soviet republics a scientific degree played and even today plays important role to get good position, I met pretty enough number of similar people having PhDs in the US, and, probably, the same happens in all other countries, however, there the  degree is not so strongly connected with their position.

Today we see a steep decrease of interest to various sciences among young generations in Georgia. There are many reasons, but main lies in bad high school education because of lack of well qualified teachers and university professors which creates a substantial gap between the update education and Georgian reality. The question arises how to avoid such a problem? The Ministry of Education takes several few measures to make youngsters more interested in sciences; however it is not effective because kids actually see how the highly qualified scientists and engineers (in particular parents) are ultimately law paid.

At the same time, on the one hand, historically Georgians confirmed their distinguished individual creativity that can be seen via peculiarities of the ancient, middle-aged or contemporary art, expressed in architecture, painting, gold works or music, and, on the other hand, in the first half of 20th century we had worldwide known scientists and engineers in contemporary natural sciences as mathematics, physics, biology, physiology, psychology and so on.

Hence we think that there is a strong urgent need to change radically our relation to a university education by intensifying efforts towards attraction of a new generation into study of the most perspective applied sciences covered by information technologies, to which, according to competent experts of the world, will be dedicated 21 century. It should be only possible throughout finding various ways of intensive attraction of youngsters and creating some reliable guarantees for their future. We will not also forget about a problem of well-qualified tutors selection.

Therefore, I imply that in such a situation the concept of reasonable strategy for a substantial development of Georgian economy in the nearest future should be mainly based on a rapid and intensive investment into implementation of the applied sciences and high technologies using the already having accumulated intellectual potential. The reasonableness of such an approach was clearly shown by Far East states: Japan, Singapore, Malaysia, China and so on. For example, I can note that only in the Institute of Cybernetics the first large holograms in the world were made in late sixties. Today this institute despite the staff of Institute for recent 15 years was decreased from 1200 to 200, it continuous to develop such most perspective researches as it is the information technologies, namely, nanotechnologies, liquid crystals, holographic processing, photovoltaic systems, artificial neuron networks for forecasting main macroeconomic indicators, like GDP, and so forth. All the mentioned types of researching and industrial facilities might be shortly developed on a bilateral profitability bases by such World leaders as Intel, IBM, Apple, AT & T, HP, Motorola, Bell Telephone, or others.

International Black Sea University as an example

Tbilisi, Georgia

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Georgia traditionally has been a bridge connecting the West and the East. Through history the trade roads linking the different areas crossed the Georgian territory carrying the diverse cultural tradition.

Unfortunately, being annexed by Russia in early 19th century and later being a part of the Soviet Union, Georgia was isolated from the rest of the world and was deprived of opportunity to have open relationship with different countries in any field.

Since proclaiming independence in 1991, Georgia restored its linking role with various countries. Today the borders are open in all directions and priority of Georgia is Euro-Atlantic integration. Accordingly, relationship between Georgia and EU entered a new phase, paying great attention on one of nowadays central issues – Education.

Higher Educational horizon of Europe promises positive perspectives and it requires forming a special policy for the purpose of eliminating setbacks and encouraging mobility and cooperation of academic staff as well as students. Jointly prepared Action plan in frames of European Neighborhood Policy includes cooperation in Education sphere in the following directions:

Reforming of science according to the requirements of European research space;

Continuation of HE reforms according to the principles of the “Bologna Process”;

Changing of vocational education system; implementing of informative-technologies in education and science system.

On May 19, 2005 Georgia joint the Bologna Process. 46 European countries are united in this Process, which plans establishing of one European space for Higher Education by 2010.

Turkey – country based also on democratic principles, is introduced as the one of the most important partners of Georgia. There has been a dynamic and intensive cooperation between these two countries.

Among the long list of agreements with Turkey there is the cooperation in the field of education and science.

Contemporary world more than ever needs restoration of morality of education, culture, traditions, which is possible through unification of material and moral values and dialog among nations. Intellectual, cultural, social and technological advancement are greatly encouraged by the higher educational institutions; their role is essential for this process.

International Black Sea University – established by Turkish-Georgian governments – is a good example of above mentioned higher educational institutions. The university unites intellectuals, researchers, professors, and students, which have such values in common as tolerance, dialog, high morality and positive interaction in the conditions of contemporary world.

The mission of International Black Sea University (IBSU) is based on globalization. Successful relations among nations can be reached by promoting intercultural communication, which exists even as a separate field that has been turned into a professional rank of scholarship and expertise. IBSU is an educational and research institution, the primary goal of which is:

-    To promote the development of Georgian and Global cultural values, orientation towards the ideals of democracy and humanism essential for the existence and development of a civil society;

-     To realize personal potential, develop the creative skills, provide for competitiveness of graduates on domestic and international labor markets, and offer to the interested ones high quality education that meets the requirements of the student community and the public;

-    Ensure accessibility and openness of higher education, academic freedom in teaching, learning and research, provision of higher education opportunities over the entire life span, involvement of academic personnel and the students in making decisions and monitoring their implementation, publicity and transparency of the University management and the competitions held there, prohibition of all forms of discrimination in the sphere of higher education, including academic, religious and ethnic grounds, also views, gender, social origin or any other grounds etc.

Through different international conferences, symposiums and other activities International Black Sea University is oriented on advancement of friendship, dialog and tolerance between countries and serves as a significant center in terms of survival world civilizations and strengthening friendship among nations.

Sapienza University of Rome

Daniel Pommier Vincelli

Sapienza University of Rome

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The lands once crossed by the ancient Roman road “Via Egnatia” had a turning point in their history in mid-19^th century. Balkans was definitely subject to the rule of the Ottoman Empire from the starting of the “modern age” in 15^th century.  The turmoil at the half of 19^th century upset the whole of Europe, including Balkan territories.  The brief and bloodshed “spring of people” in 1849-1849 posed a serious challenge to the long-standing domain of multinational empires in Europe. Although the Ottomans were not directly affected by the 1848 revolutions, the Turkish rule increasingly declined ever since. The rise of nationalities in Balkans is a part of larger European phenomenon and belongs to European history. Movements of national uprising  started to act against Turks in the whole Balkan region: Serbia, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Montenegro. The cultural premise of this new kind of national consciousness was often a quasi mythological  memory of a “great” past of an ancient incarnation of the country. Myths and propaganda of “Great Serbia”, “Great Albania”, “Great Romania” inflamed the cultural and military fight against the Ottoman Empire. As the great dynasties declined, the emergence of national programs changed the political landscape of Balkans. As the Turkish rule faded,  Western Powers and Russia showed a greater interest to gain influence in the region. After the crisis of 1878 Balkans were substantially freed by the Ottoman Rule. Austria-Hungary, Russia, Imperial Germany, Italy and France were competing to replace the Ottoman Empire as most influential power in the region. Austria-Hungary by annexing Bosnia attempted to establish a new regional hegemony.  The national struggle of the new-born States became necessarily anti-Austrian.

The definition of the new borders became the main issue in Balkans from 1878 to the onset of World War I. Borders were hard to be defined given the mixed ethnic configuration of the region. Italy as minor power with strong ties in the region played a crucial role in the borders question. This paper will reconstruct the role of Italy as partner and instrument  of the Balkan policy at the end of 19^th century.

Professor of the Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Faculty of Humanities

Tbilisi, Georgia

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We live in a world of communication, which is the sharing of information and entertainment by conversation, writing and various other methods. Communication is expanding everyday and without it we would be isolated from the rest of world. Modern civilization has made a lot of progress due to the development of a wide range of communication means. Communication covers all aspects of the individual and social activities. The mass media governs our lives, and we learn a lot by listening to the radio, television and reading daily news. Answering our telephone and letters, talking, are all examples of our personal interaction with others as well as in modern times we are able to communicate with the segments of Political-State systems and governing bodies. The people we meet, and the knowledge we share makes us different and influences human beings. The magic system of communication in general makes some kind of the world order with interaction and contact of different states and cultures.

Communication is the exchange of meanings and information between individuals through a common system of symbols. The subject of communication has concerned scholars since the time of Ancient Greece.  In 1928 the English literary critic and author I.A. Richards offered one of the first—and in some ways still the best—definitions of communication as a discrete aspect of human activity:

“Communication takes place when one mind so acts upon its environment that another mind is influenced, and in that other mind an experience occurs which is like the experience in the first mind, and is caused in part by that experience.”

Richards’s definition is both general and rough, but its application to nearly all kinds of communications— between individuals, between individuals and states, and between various state systems from Ancient times through the contemporary period.

More recently, questions have been raised concerning the adequacy of any single definition of the term communication as it is currently employed. According to modern scholars there exist at least 50 modes of interpersonal communication, which includes: architectural, anthropological, psychological, political, and many other forms of communication.

Interest in communication systems has been stimulated by advances in science and technology, which, by their nature, have attracted attention to a man as a communicating creature. Since about 1920 the growth and apparent influence of communications technology have attracted the attention of many specialists who have attempted to isolate communication as a specific aspect of their particular interest. Social scientists have identified various forms of communication by which myths, styles of living, civilizations, and traditions are passed either from a generation to a generation or from one segment of society to another. Political scientists and Historians have recognized that communication of many types lies at the heart of the regularities in the social and political order. According to the modern scholarship the Model of communication could be varied but one of the most popular models of communication is a linear model. As originally conceived, the model contained five elements—an information source (on our occasion, researching the Ancient period it would be more appropriate to use the term  as “a massage”), a transmitter ( we may  recognize under this expression  ‘ a messenger’), a channel of transmission ( we may define this term as’ the “road networks”) , a receiver (  On our occasion the “receiver” could be a person or recipient of information), and a destination ( under this term we  comprehend an  issue  of the extent of  spreading the information, local and distant destinations)—all arranged in a linear order.

In this paper, I have limited my interest to the issue of   diplomatic communication system in the Ancient Eastern Mediterranean area; to comprehend the question we intent to stress some issues in relations with the early forms of political communication model, which encloses several elements and is ordered in below presented arrangement. We have juxtaposed those elements to the modern linear system with some addition and interpretation: